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  • This lecture aims at the description of the interaction between quantum matter in its simplest form, an atom, and an electromagnetic field. A semi-classical approach, where the field is classical, is first considered, including relaxation of the atom. We then study the quantization of the electromagnetic field and its relaxation, before its interaction with an atom is described in a full quantum model.

Progress in experimental quantum physics has transformed thought experiments into reality, so that an exciting new question can now be asked : How can we harness the "strange" features of quantum mechanics - such as nonlocality, entanglement, and quantum measurement - in new applications ? In this new field, broadly called “quantum technologies”, new ideas and concepts are being put forward.

Since the 80’s, laser cooling has enabled the production of sub-milliKelvin dilute atomic gases - which can be further cooled to the nanoKelvin regime.

Master Quantum Engineering
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Logo MQE


PSL’s quantum engineering programme is a 2-year program that provides cutting-edge training. It is spread over two years and 120 ECTS, requesting full-time studies. 

Quantum technologies are a strategic global topic for academia and industry. These disruptive technologies have the potential to revolutionise the design and implementation of information and communication sciences and technologies. France is investing nearly €2 billion in this field over the next four years.

A new interdisciplinary training programme in quantum technologies has been launched by PSL University in September 2022. It results from an unprecedented synergy between some of its founding schools, namely: Ecole normale supérieure, ESPCI Paris, Mines Paris, École nationale supérieure de Chimie de Paris - PSL and the Observatoire de Paris, and it is part of PSL’s graduate programme in physics.

Philippe Goldner & Diana Serrano

Alexandru Petrescu & Pierre Rouchon